Calculating K-corrections using Sherpa

1. Defining the energy grid of the model

Since we are not fitting the model to a source data spectrum, Sherpa does not know what energy grid to calculate the model over. We therefore make use of the dataspace1d command to create a blank data set with the desired grid. It is important to ensure that the energy grid covers both the observed and rest-frame energy bands.

For the rest-frame energy range (0.5–2.0 keV) and redshift range (0–2) considered in this example, we need to ensure that the model is evaluated over at least 0.5 to 4.0 keV. It does not matter if the energy range is larger than that, so we choose 0.1 to 10 keV, with a grid spacing of 0.01 keV:

sherpa> dataspace1d(0.1, 10, 0.01)

sherpa> show_data()
Data Set: 1
Filter: 0.1000-10.0000 x
name      = dataspace1d
xlo       = Float64[990]
xhi       = Float64[990]
y         = Float64[990]
staterror = None
syserror  = None

2. Displaying the model

Now that our model (with default model ID "1") is associated with a data set (data set ID "1")—the blank data set created with the dataspace1d command—we may use the show_source command to examine the model parameter settings:

sherpa> show_source()
Model: 1
xsmekal.plasma
   Param        Type          Value          Min          Max      Units
   -----        ----          -----          ---          ---      -----
   plasma.kT    thawed            7       0.0808         79.9        keV
   plasma.nH    frozen            1        1e-05        1e+19       cm-3
   plasma.Abundanc frozen          0.3            0         1000           
   plasma.redshift frozen            0       -0.999           10           
   plasma.switch frozen            1            0            1           
   plasma.norm  thawed            1            0        1e+24           

The Sherpa plot_source command may be used to display the unconvolved model amplitudes in photons cm^-2 s^-1, and the appropriate matplotlib commands for setting the axis labels and title of the resulting plot, as shown below (Figure 1):

sherpa> plot_source(xlog=True, ylog=True)

sherpa> plt.xlabel("Energy (keV)")
sherpa> plt.ylabel("Spectrum (photon/cm$^2$/s)")
sherpa> plt.title("XSMEKAL model: kT = 7 keV, Abundance = 0.3")

Figure 1: Model Spectrum

Figure 1: Model Spectrum

Plot of the unconvolved Mewe-Kaastra-Liedahl thermal plasma model ("xsmekal") over the 0.1 to 10 keV energy range.

Using

Now that we have defined the source model spectrum, we can use the calc_kcorr function to calculate the K-correction. To calculate the K-correction for an object at redshift z=0.4, using the model assigned to (empty) data set 1, we would do:

sherpa> calc_kcorr(z=0.4, obslo=0.5, obshi=2.0, id=1)
        0.8388622622766366

This command returns the K-correction for a flux measured in the observed 0.5–2.0 keV energy band, in order to get the flux in the rest-frame 0.5–2.0 keV band for an object at a redshift of 0.4. If you want to convert to a different rest-frame energy band, simply supply the band as extra parameters, as shown below for the rest-frame 0.1–2.4 keV energy range.

sherpa> calc_kcorr(z=0.4, obslo=0.5, obshi=2.0, restlo=0.1, resthi=2.4, id=1)
        1.3543060109802925

Instead of a single (i.e. scalar) value for the redshift, a one-dimensional array can be supplied, containing a range of redshifts. Here we calculate the correction values for the redshift range z=0–2 with a step size of 0.1 (using the Numpy 'arange' function), and then plot K-correction versus redshift (Figure 2):

sherpa> z = np.arange(0.0, 2.1, 0.1)
sherpa> kc = calc_kcorr(z=z, obslo=0.5, obshi=2.0, id=1)

sherpa> plt.clf()
sherpa> plt.plot(z, kc, 'o')
sherpa> plt.xlabel("Redshift")
sherpa> plt.ylabel("K-correction")
sherpa> plt.title("XSMEKAL model: kT = 7 keV, Abundance = 0.3")

Figure 2: K-correction between z=0 and 2

Figure 2: K-correction between z=0 and 2

Plot displaying the K-correction as a function of redshift.

How calc_kcorr works

The K-correction is calculated as the ratio of the flux in the rest-frame energy band to that in the observed band (for instance, see Appendix B of Jones et al. 1998, ApJ, 495, 100-114). If we denote the low and high energies of the rest-frame band as \(E_{\mathrm{lo}}\) and \(E_{\mathrm{hi}}\), then for a source at redshift \(z\), the flux within the observed band would be as follows:

• observed band: \(e_{\mathrm{lo}}(1+z)\) to \(e_{\mathrm{hi}}(1+z)\)
• rest-frame band: \(E_{\mathrm{lo}}\) to \(E_{\mathrm{hi}}\)

The Sherpa calc_energy_flux command is used to compute the unconvolved model energy flux within the desired energy range, in units of ergs cm^-2 s^-1:

sherpa> z = 0.4

sherpa> rest_flux = calc_energy_flux(0.5, 2., id=1)

sherpa> obs_flux  = calc_energy_flux(0.5*(1+z), 2.*(1+z), id=1)

sherpa> rest_flux
        5.574282179843434e-10

sherpa> obs_flux
        6.64505060069703e-10

sherpa> kcorr = rest_flux / obs_flux

sherpa> kcorr
        0.8388622622766366

The calc_energy_flux() function returns the source flux within the rest-frame 0.5–2.0 keV range and the observed 0.7–2.8 (0.5×1.4 to 2.0×1.4) keV range; dividing the two values gives the K-correction for this spectral model, redshift, and energy range.

Displaying the models being evaluated

Here we demonstrate how to use the Sherpa get_model_plot function to read the model amplitudes into Python variables and then display them with matplotlib plotting commands (type "get*?" at the Sherpa prompt for the full list of Sherpa get commands). We evaluate the model over both the observed and rest-frame 0.5–2.0 keV energy ranges by defining the appropriate energy grids with the dataspace1d command, and then plot the resulting models together in one window.

sherpa> # Define energy grids over which to evaluate the model:
sherpa> # rest-frame energy range
sherpa> dataspace1d(0.5, 2.0, 0.01, id=2) 
sherpa> # observed energy range
sherpa> dataspace1d(0.7, 2.8, 0.01, id=3)

sherpa> Evaluate the model over the defined energy grids
sherpa> by assigning it to the blank data sets 2 and 3
sherpa> set_source(2, plasma)
sherpa> set_source(3, plasma)

sherpa> # Retrieve the model amplitudes:
sherpa> rest_dep = get_model_plot(2).y
sherpa> obs_dep  = get_model_plot(3).y

sherpa> print(rest)
sherpa> print(obs)

sherpa> # Retrieve the energy axis information
sherpa> rest_indep = get_model_plot(2).x
sherpa> obs_indep  = get_model_plot(3).x

sherpa> print(rest_indep)
sherpa> print(obs_indep)

sherpa> # Display the two energy ranges (with a slight offset in y):
sherpa> plt.clf()
sherpa> plt.plot(rest_indep, rest_dep*0.8, '-', label=r'rest frame ($\times 0.8$)')
sherpa> plt.plot(obs_indep, obs_dep*1.2, '-', label=r'observed frame ($\times 1.2$)')

sherpa> #Customize the plot:
sherpa> plt.legend()
sherpa> plt.xlabel("Energy (keV)")
sherpa> plt.ylabel("Flux")
sherpa> plt.title("XSMEKAL model: kT = 7 keV, Abundance = 0.3")

Figure 3 shows the resulting plot, with the models offset for display purposes.

Figure 3: Model spectrum after filtering on energy

Figure 3: Model spectrum after filtering on energy

The two curves show the unconvolved model spectrum evaluated over the rest- and observed-frame energy ranges, respectively (offset from each other by 20 percent for clarity).

The model used here is the xsmekal plasma model with a temperature of 7 keV, metallicity abundance of 0.3 times the cosmic abundance, and a redshift of 0. The observed energy range is taken to be 0.5–2.0 keV and the source redshift (for calculating the rest-frame energy range) is z=0.4.

1. Accuracy

The accuracy of the K-correction is determined by the width of the energy bins. We shall illustrate this by using the xspowerlaw model, for which an analytic solution for the K-correction exists: for a photon index of \(\Gamma\), the K-correction is given by \(K(z) = (1+z)^{\Gamma-2}\). Below we calculate the corrections for two bin widths—0.1 and 0.01 keV—and compare them to the analytic solution.

#Clear existing data and model definitions in the current Sherpa session:
sherpa> clean()

# Define a power law model:
sherpa> set_source(xspowerlaw.p1)
sherpa> p1.phoindex = 3

#Define the redshift range and the analytic solutions:
sherpa> z = [0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1]
sherpa> z = np.array(z)
sherpa> kz = np.power((1+z),(3-2))

#Calculate the K-correction for the model evaluated over two different energy grids:
sherpa> dataspace1d(0.1, 10, 0.1, id=1) 
sherpa> kz1 = calc_kcorr(z, 0.5, 2.0, id=1)

sherpa> set_source(2, p1)
sherpa> dataspace1d(0.1, 10, 0.01, id=2)
sherpa> kz2 = calc_kcorr(z, 0.5, 2.0, id=2)


#Write the results to file with the write_arrays routine available in the 
# crates_contrib module of the CIAO contributed scripts package.

#(Note that the Sherpa command save_arrays may also be used, 
#however it does not allow the user to specify the Python string format in which the
#data values should be written to file, as write_arrays does).
 
sherpa> from crates_contrib.utils import *

sherpa> write_arrays("out.dat", [z, kz, kz1, kz2], format='{:.5g}')

sherpa> !more out.dat
0 1 1 1
0.2 1.2 1.2046 1.2003
0.4 1.4 1.409 1.4007
0.6 1.6 1.6133 1.601
0.8 1.8 1.8176 1.8014
1 2 2.0218 2.0017

The output columns list the redshift, analytic solution, then the values calculated by calc_kcorr for the two bin widths (0.1 keV and then 0.01 keV). As can be seen, the smaller grid spacing produces results closer to the true value. The choice of grid spacing depends on the model(s) used and the desired accuracy: for instance, in this example the error introduced by using a bin width of 0.1 keV is likely to be much smaller than the error on the measured flux of the source or uncertainties in the model parameters used to calculate the K-correction.